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Million Connections, Web Directory  Reference Encyclopedias Page 28 |
PR: 4
| Manchester Gazette Abstract: Founded 1795. William Cowdry and his four sons were responsible for writing and printing the newspaper. Although it was considered to be of poor quality, it was purchased because it was the only non-Tory paper in Manchester.In 1814, with sales of only 250, the editor decided to improve the quality of the newspaper by encouraging members of a political reform group to contribute articles. By 1819 the Manchester Gazette was selling over 1,000 copies a week. The arrival of the Manchester Guardian in 1821 meant that Cowdroy lost all his best writers. The Manchester Gazette found it difficult to compete with the fast-growing Manchester Guardian. In 1828 due to bankruptcy the Manchester Gazette was forced to close. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRgazette.htm [ Detail ] |
PR: 4
| Manchester Observer Abstract: Formed in January 1818 by a group of radicals, within twelve months the newspaper was selling 4,000 copies a week. It has been argued that the newspaper pioneered popular journalism with its racy style aimed at an literate working-class. Although it started as a local paper, by 1819 it was sold in most of the large towns and cities in Britain. James Wroe, the editor of the Manchester Observer, was at the St. Peter's Field meeting in 1819 and described the attack on the crowd in the next edition of the newspaper and is believed to be the first person to describe the incident as the Peterloo Massacre. With the arrival of the Manchester Guardian in 1821 the Manchester Observer decided to cease publication. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRobserver.htm [ Detail ] |
PR: 4
| Maude Pember Reeves Abstract: The daughter of a bank manager, she was born in Australia in 1865. In her youth she had been involved in the successful campaign to obtain women the vote in New Zealand. Soon after arriving in England with her husband, she became active in a variety of women's organisations including the Women's Trade Union League, the NUWSSand the National Anti-Sweating League. She was a socialist and was active in the Fabian Society and in 1907 founded the Fabian Women's Group which campaigned for equal rights for women and state support for motherhood. After the outbreak of the First World War, she worked as Director of the Education and Propaganda Department of the Ministry of Food. She died in 1953. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PHpember.htm [ Detail ] |
PR: 4
| The National Reformer Abstract: In 1860, two members of the Sheffield Secular Society formed a new journal. They believed that religion was blocking progress and advocated what they called an atheistic Secularism. The newspaper advocated a whole range of reforms including universal suffrage and republicanism. Sales of the National Reformer reached 5,000 but in 1861 one of the founders left the journal because he disagreed with the advocacy of birth control. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jreformer.htm [ Detail ] |
PR: 4
| The North Briton Abstract: In June 1762 MP John Wilkes established The North Briton, a weekly newspaper in opposition to The Briton, a journal that supported the Earl of Bute's administration as King George III's prime minister. For the next forty-five weeks the North Briton severely attacked the king and his Prime Minister. After one article Wilkes was arrested for seditious libel but at a court hearing the Lord Chief Justice ruled that as an MP, Wilkes was protected by privilege from arrest on a charge of libel. However, the government was successful in stopping Wilkes from publishing further editions of the North Briton. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jbriton.htm [ Detail ] |
PR: 4
| The Northern Star Abstract: The first edition of the Northern Star was published on 26th May, 1838 as a radical newspaper. Although the paper paid the 4d. stamp duty O'Connor denounced it as a tax on free speech. Within four months of starting publication, the Northern Star was selling 10,000 copies a week. By the summer of 1839 circulation of the Northern Star reached over 50,000 a week. The fortunes of the Northern Star declined with those of the Chartist movement. By the end of 1851 sales of the newspaper had fallen to 1,200 a week. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHnorthern.htm [ Detail ] |
PR: 4
| Pall Mall Gazette Abstract: Founded in February, 1865 as an evening newspaper, the original idea was to digest the news from the morning papers and to publish substantial articles on political and social questions. In 1883 the Pall Mall Gazette carried a series of articles on the subject of child prostitution. Sales of the newspaper increased from 8,000 to 12,000. In 1885 it exposed what had become known as the white slave traffic. As a result of the publicity that coverage of the Armstrong case generated, Parliament in 1885 passed the Criminal Law Amendment Act, a measure that raised the age of consent from thirteen to sixteen. Contributors over the years have included Oscar Wilde, H. G. Wells, and Rudyard Kipling. The Pall Mall Gazette was incorporated into the Evening Standard in 1923. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jpall.htm [ Detail ] |
PR: 4
| Phil May Abstract: Born near Leeds in 1864 and orphaned at the age of nine, he endured several years of poverty. He moved from one job to another and ended up begging on the streets. He was a talented artist and discovered he could make a living by drawing stage celebrities and selling the pictures to theatre fans, which earned him employment as a cartoonist. Between 1885 and 1903 he worked for the Sydney Bulletin, did some book illustrating, was employed by the Graphic, and began contributing cartoons to Punch. A heavy drinker, coupled with his early poverty caused him serious health problems. He died in 1903 from a wasting disease at age thirty-nine. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jmay.htm [ Detail ] |
PR: 4
| Political Register Abstract: Started in 1802, The Political Register supported the Tories but he gradually became more radical. By 1815 the tax on newspapers had reached 4d. a copy and as few people could afford to pay 6d. or 7d., the tax restricted the circulation to people with fairly high incomes. Circulation was just over a thousand copies a week. The following year the Political Register was published as a pamphlet selling for only 2d. and it soon had a circulation of 40,000 as the main newspaper read by the working class. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRregister.htm [ Detail ] |
PR: 4
| The Poor Man's Guardian Abstract: The Poor Man's Guardian was published up until July 1831 as the Penny Papers. the publisher refused to pay the stamp duty on each paper sold. On the front page, where the red spot of the stamp duty should have been, Hetherington printed the slogan http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRpoor.htm [ Detail ] |
PR: 4
| The Quarterly Review Abstract: Established in 1809 as a Tory rival to the Whig supporting Edinburgh Review, the idea for the journal came from Sir Walter Scott. The Quarterly Review stood politically for preserving the status quo. The journal was very hostile to the work of writers in favour of political reform. Writers such as Percy Bysshe Shelley, Leigh Hunt, William Hazlitt, Thomas Babington Macaulay and Charles Dickens all received hostile reviews in the journal, whereas the work of Jane Austin and Sir Walter Scott was warmly praised. It was alleged that John Wilson Croker's savage review of John Keat's Endymion contributed to the poet's early death. The Quarterly Review ceased publication in 1967. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jquarterly.htm [ Detail ] |
PR: 4
| The Red Republican Abstract: In 1848 Harney, editor of the Northern Star, resigned and formed his own newspaper, the Red Republican. In the paper Harney attempted to educate his working class readers about socialism and internationalism. Harney also attempted to convert the trade union movement to socialism. In 1850 the Red Republican published the first English translation of The Communist Manifesto. The newspaper was not a financial success and was closed down in December, 1850. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHrepublican.htm [ Detail ] |
PR: 4
| The Republican Started in 1817 as Sherwin's Political Register, later changed its name to the Republican. Published article on the Peterloo Massacre, Tom Paine's Common Sense, The Rights of Man and the Age of Reason. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRrepublican.htm [ Detail ] |
PR: 4
| Richard Carlile Abstract: The son of a shoemaker from Ashburton in Devon, was born on 9th December, 1790. Richard's father abandoned the family in 1794 and it was a struggle for his mother to look after her three children from the profits of the small shop that she ran in Ashburton. Richard received six years free education from the local Church of England school and learnt to read and write. At the age of twelve Richard left school and was apprenticed as a tinplateman in Plymouth. He would go on to become one of the many who led the fight for a free press. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRcarlile.htm [ Detail ] |
PR: 4
| Richard Doyle Abstract: Born in London in 1824 and educated at home by his father he began having art work published at the age of fifteen. The book, The Eglinton Tournament, was a great success. In 1840 Richard produced an illustrated journal of the events that took place that year. The journal includes outings to the opera, concerts, Regent's Park Zoo, the Royal Academy, the National Gallery and the Tower of London. He illustrated books including works by Charles Dickens (Battle of Life), John Ruskin (King of the Golden River) William Makepeace Thackeray (Rebecca and Rowena, Newcomes) and Leigh Hunt. Richard Doyle died in 1883. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JdoyleR.htm [ Detail ] |
PR: 4
| Robert Blatchford Abstract: Born in Maidstone in 1851, the son of an actor, his father died when he was two and at the age of fourteen he was apprenticed as a brushmaker. He disliked the work and ran away to join the army where he reached the rank of sergeant major before leaving the service in 1878. After trying a variety of different jobs he became a freelance journalist. After working for several newspapers he became leader writer for the Sunday Chronicle in Manchester. While he became a socialist and lobbied for their cause, after the First World War he moved to the right and became a passionate advocate of the British Empire. Robert Blatchford died on 17th December 1943. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jblatchford.htm [ Detail ] |
PR: 4
| Robert Sherard Abstract: Born in Melton Mowbray in 1861, the was the son of Rev. Bennet Sherard Kennedy and a great grandson of William Wordsworth. After being educated at Oxford University, he became a professional journalist working for a wide variety of different newspapers and magazines, particularly interested in writing about working conditions and urban poverty. He was commissioned by the editor of The London Magazine to write several articles on child labour. These collected articles were published as The Child Slaves of Britain in 1905. He died in 1943. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PHsherard.htm [ Detail ] |
PR: 4
| Robert Southey Abstract: Born in Bristol in 1774. After his father's death an uncle sent him to Westminster School but he was expelled in 1792 after denouncing flogging in the school magazine. In 1795 Southey married Edith Fricker, whose elder sister, Sara Fricker, married Samuel Taylor Coleridge. In 1813 Robert Southey was appointed poet laureate. Southey was criticised by Lord Byron and William Hazlitt who accused him of betraying his political principles for money. Southey wrote several books between 1824 and 1835. He died in 1843. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jsouthey.htm [ Detail ] |
PR: 4
| Samuel Taylor Coleridge British poet and journalist (1772-1834). http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jcoleridge.htm [ Detail ] |
PR: 4
| The Sheffield Register Initially published by Joseph Gales in 1792, The Sheffield Register emphasized local concerns and disseminated radical political views. Gales stopped publishing and fleed England in 1794 to escape prosecution. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRsheffield.htm [ Detail ] |
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